Medicon Publications

Nowadays, several video movement classification methodologies are based on reading and processing each frame using image classification algorithms. However, it is rare to find approaches using angle distribution over time. This paper proposes video movement classification based on the exercise states calculated from each frame’s angles. Different video classification approaches and their respective variables and models were analyzed to achieve this, using unstructured data: images. Besides, structure data as angles from critical joints Armpits, legs, elbows, hips, and torso inclination were calculated directly from workout videos, allowing the implementation of classification models such as the KNN and Decision Trees. The result shows these techniques can achieve similar accuracy, close to 95%, concerning Neural Networks algorithms, the primary model used in the previously mentioned approaches. Finally, it was possible to conclude that using structured data for movement classification models allows for lower performance costs and computing resources than using unstructured data without compromising the quality of the model.
Keywords: Machine Learning; computer vision; KNN; mediapipe; supervised classification; video classification; deep learning; tensorflow; neural network; workout; fitness; exercise; signal

This paper presents the results of a k - ε turbulence model for a rectangular airfoil problem using standard Comsol Multiphysics solvers. Flow around a rectangular airfoil was studied at Reynolds numbers of 10 000 < Re < 2 000 000 and angle of attack α = 0°-20°. Results were obtained for speed, pressure and other parameters for different angle values. The implementation of the Comsol Multiphysics software package showed good convergence, stability and high accuracy of the model.
Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations; Comsol Multiphysics

In a Real Time System, when a high priority task is scheduled, it preempts ongoing lower priority tasks and sometimes it preempts even the kernel too. In normal cases, the time needed for the preemption is too small and hence is not considered in task scheduling. But, in some mission critical hard real time systems, even a small fraction of a second should be taken into account as it could affect the deadline. This research work proposes two models - embedded model and software model, among which the latter has been used for the experiment that calculates the kernel preemption time. The hardware model consists of a triangular wave generator called TRIANG that takes timer values from real time tasks and sends outputs to a comparator module. Finally, the comparator compares the time differences, and hence, calculates the kernel preemption time. Whereas the software model uses the RT-Linux architecture in which device drivers are used instead of hardware components. A high precision timer clock is also used to measure the task release times.
The results from the experiments show that the release time jitter due to the kernel preemption is found to be fluctuating in the range of -94 and +93 microseconds in 3% of the cases. So, the kernel preemption time for the hard and mission critical real time systems is taken to be less than 99 microseconds. Whereas 85% of the cases have release time jitters of single digit only. So, the kernel preemption time in average case is considered to be less than 9 microseconds.
Keywords: Real Time System; Triangular Wave Generator; Task Scheduling; Kernel Preemption Time

The powerful narrow beam of single wavelength light that laser produces was the first “solution looking for the problem in 1960”. Theodore Maiman created it 1960 by illuminating a high-power flash light on a ruby rod on a silver coated surface at California’s Hughes Research Laboratory. From the most cutting-edge quantum physics labs to hospital. Laser is now ubiquitous in modern science and technology. When a laser heats up its target, a phenomenon known as photothermal interaction occurs. Proteins are denaturized, mitochondrial membrane permeability is enhanced and the mitochondria eventually evaporate. In this paper Monte-Carlo simulation method is used for the Laser tissue interaction.
This study aims to understand the temperature distribution in a multi-layered skin model during laser-induced thermotherapy for cancer treatment. model includes the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, muscle, blood, and an embedded tumour. The study systematically investigates the effects of various parameters such as wavelength, laser intensity, tumour absorption coefficient, and irradiation time. Proposed model can explore both the individual and combined effects of the parameters on the temperature distribution in the skin model by methodically varying the parameters. The findings may help to improve laser-induced thermotherapy, which may result in more precise and efficient skin treatment.
Keywords: Laser; Tissue; Monte-Carlo simulation

The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates four times in a row, twice by 75 basis points from June to July, totaling 150 basis points, since 2022 in an effort to reduce the rising inflation in the United States. This is the most important development since 1980. After the rate hike in July, the policy rates of the United States have reached a range from 2.25% to 2.50%, which is widely considered by dozens of people as a "neutral rate" level. Since the U.S. dollar is the dominant international currency and controls the world's financial, monetary, and trade settlement systems, the Fed's interest rate hike has an impact on the world financial market. Bitcoin has become a financial asset traded on a global scale and has gradually become popular in financial market transactions. With the Fed's rate hike, a considerable number of investors in the cryptocurrency market are very concerned about the impact of the Fed rate hike on Bitcoin, and then reassess the risks to ensure their own interests. This paper searches and obtains data on the Bitcoin price and USD/CNY exchange rate from June 1, 2021 to August 15 2022. This paper uses VAR and ARMA-GARCH models to study the impact of the USD-CNY exchange rate changes on the rate of return and volatility of Bitcoin.
Keywords: US; Federal Reserve Bank; rate hike; USD; CNY; ARMA-GARCH model

In the realm of cutting-edge technologies, quantum computing stands as one of the most revolutionary and promising fields. While classical computers have served us well for decades, they are reaching their limitations when faced with complex problems like optimization, cryptography, and simulating quantum systems. Quantum computing harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information in ways that classical computers cannot, opening the door to new possibilities in various domains. Quantum computers can solve problems that are impossible or would take a traditional computer an impractical amount of time - a billion years to solve.
Since the early 20th century, when the atom was first investigated, quantum physics has defied logic. It turns out that atoms do not apply the standard principles of physics. Quantum particles have the capacity to "teleport," move through time, and exist in two places at once. The goal of quantum computers is to exploit these unusual behaviors. At the heart of quantum computing lies the concept of qubits, which are the quantum counterpart of classical bits. While conventional bits can only represent a 0 or a 1, qubits can simultaneously exist in both states. This unique property allows quantum computers to perform multiple calculations at once, offering a potential for exponential speedup in specific tasks.

This essay deals with the current relevance of the Medieval ethical condemnation of usury as the theft of time, and is seen as a model for the profits derived from intensive animal farming. Both usury and profit are time-dependent. Usury was condemned as stealing time, profit ought to be condemned as robbing life to living creatures. The ancient ethical stance condemning usury ought to be applied to inadequate modern legislations allowing profit to prosper on crimes.
We start by considering how usury was seen in ancient times and note that all Religions and some great works of Art paid a great deal of attention to the subject. It is well known that all Religions forbade usury and many works of Art, mainly poems and plays, condemned it. This is derived mainly from the well-known view of Aristotle that money is a convention and thus cannot generate more money (the theory of the “sterility of money”). Turning to the law, usury occupies a central position in Canon Law which condemned usury as a crime. One of the most lucid canonists, William of Auxerre, sanctioned usury as the theft of time which belongs to all creatures and is thus contrary to the law of nature. It is precisely the association of usury with time that demonstrates the iniquity of usury, since time is not a commodity that can be bought and sold.

This paper reports Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC (Fabaceae) as a new larval host plant for Zizina otis Fabricius, 1787 (Lycaenidae) from Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
Keywords: Alysicarpus monilifer; Lesser grass blue; Zizina Otis; Lycaenidae; new host plant

Kenya struggles with a limited number of cardiologists, which poses a significant gap in the healthcare system's ability to provide adequate cardiovascular care. To bridge this gap, cardiology clinical officers plays a vital role in preventing, diagnosing, treating, and managing various cardiovascular conditions. As the healthcare landscape advanced, clinical officers began specializing in various areas to meet the growing demand for specialized care. The involvement of clinical officers in different specialties have significantly expanded healthcare access and improved the quality of care provided. According to WHO (2019) in Sub-Saharan Africa, Cardiovascular Diseases(CVD) contribute to around 1 million deaths annually, representing 5.4% of global CVD-related fatalities and 13% of total deaths in Africa.
Aim: To determine the role of clinical officers in cardiology and to explore factors that will enhance the training and to promote collaboration between clinical officers in cardiology and physician cardiologist.
Methodology: A study design applying a qualitative approach. The sampling frames comprised all Clinical Officers working in 5 selected health facilities within Nairobi County. A purposive sampling technique was utilized to obtain the study sample.
Findings/Results: 95.2% of respondents could perform initial assessment and diagnosis of CVDs, 4.8 % could perform and interpret Echo & ECG, 54.7% could treat, plan and prescribe medication, 28.6% could monitor patients' progress and adjust treatment plans, 73.8% could give Patient education on lifestyle modification and disease management.
Conclusion: 88.1% of the respondents proposed training clinical officers on cardiology as faculty in colleges. A paradigm shift is needed to bridge the gap between primary and tertiary levels of cardiovascular healthcare by utilizing cardiology clinical officers and expanding cardiology training programs.
Keywords: Cardiology; Clinical officers; Clinical officer training; Physician assistants; PA

Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. The prognosis for patients with esophageal cancer is poor, with published data indicating only about 12-39% of patients surviving for five years following radical treatment. As more than 50% of patients with esophageal cancer are beyond the reach of radical treatment at the time of diagnosis, palliative management becomes a fundamental approach. Several techniques for restoring the esophageal lumen have gained recognition, including mechanical methods such as esophageal dilation and stenting, as well as ablative techniques like photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, and cryotherapy. Treating patients with advanced esophageal cancer or those deemed unfit for surgery poses a significant challenge. An individualized approach to patient care requires a comprehensive understanding of various therapeutic methods. Therefore, this paper seeks to present current knowledge on available methods for alleviating esophageal obstruction in patients suffering from dysphagia due to esophageal cancer.
Keywords: Esophageal cancer; Palliative treatment; Esophageal lumen restoration; Esophageal stenting; Ablative techniques

This study aimed to assess the impact of post-COVID-19 rehabilitative exercises on the physical and mental well-being of patients who have completed a rehabilitation program consisting of aerobic exercises, resistance training, and breathing exercises. The study used a quantitative research approach, data was collected from a sample of male and female patients aged 18 years and above.
Quantitative data analysis revealed significant improvements in physical and mental well-being scores after completing the rehabilitation program. Additionally, the study found that certain demographic factors such as age and gender may impact the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programs. Study also identified several themes related to participants' experiences with the rehabilitation program, including increased motivation and confidence, improved sleep, and enhanced overall well-being.
Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of post-COVID-19 rehabilitative exercises in addressing the long-term physical and mental health complications many patients experience after recovering from COVID-19. The findings of this study could inform the development of more effective rehabilitation programs for post-COVID-19 patients and contribute to the ongoing effort to improve the care and management of individuals recovering from COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID 19; Post COVID 19 syndrome; Rehabilitative exercises; Physical well-being; Mental well-being

Dental caries is a continuous process, involving various cycles of demineralization and remineralization. Initial caries can be prevented or arrested by simple and cost effective interventions like with proper plaque control and remineralization therapy. Hence the study is performed with mineralizing agent like NaF and PAMAM. Aim and objectives - To compare the difference in vicker’s hardness number (VHN) of artificial caries like lesion of enamel before and after remineralization with 10% NaF and PAMAM-NH2. Study Design: Experimental randomized analytical- in vitro study. Materials and method - Artificial caries-like lesions were prepared on orthodontically extracted premolars and micro hardness was measured. The samples were divided into two group and subjected to 7 days pH cycle with 10% NaF and PAMAM respectively. Micro hardness was recorded & Obtained micro hardness values were analyzed. Results - The mean difference in increase of micro hardness of the two groups was 8.267VHN which was statistically significant with p value 0.020 (p<0.001) which indicate that PAMAM pre-treatment has greater potential of than pre-treatment with 10% NaF. Conclusion - PAMAM-NH2 can be used as pre-treatment regimen before remineralization.

Forensic dentistry is a challenging and emerging branch of dentistry which deals with appropriate handling and examination of dental evidences including the presentation of dental findings in the interest of justice and forensic human identification. Confirmation of deceased identification is important for family, relatives and friends from emotional and grieving aspect but it is also needed for legal purposes including criminal investigations and insurance settlements etc. Because of continued increase in violence and crimes against human life, such as bomb explosions, wars or plane crashes, road traffic accidents, natural disasters as well as cases of carbonized bodies or in advanced stage of decomposition, all these highlight the need to employ ever faster, highly accurate and reliable methods during the process of identification of victims. Also, such circumstances need a method of identification which can be applicable even if the body of victim is destroyed or disfigured.

A healthy and balanced diet should be promoted early in childhood which is considered as a crucial period for the optimal growth and development. Experts across health care disciplines recognize the importance of breastfeeding during infancy. Human milk and breastfeeding of infants provide health, nutrition, physical, psychological, social, economic, and environmental advantages while significantly decreasing risk of acute and chronic diseases. However, children breastfed nocturnally or more than 12 months or more frequently had a susceptibility to increased caries risk.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop popularly grown in more than 100 countries with 90% of the total global production from Asia. Major constraint in paddy cultivation is heavy weed infestation which causes 50-90 % yield reduction. Weeds causes adverse effects to crops in many ways and this arise due to the unusual adaptation characteristics of the weeds and their regeneration ability. To achieve timely and effective weed control, broad-spectrum herbicide based integrated weed management may offer a pathway for simultaneously reducing costs and markedly increasing productivity. A field experiment was conducted during the Navarai (Late Rabi) Season of 2023 to investigate the efficacy of new herbicide combinations for the management of weed flora in transplanted paddy at Field No. A18, ACAR Farm, Adhiyamaan College of Agriculture and Research, Krishnagiri district situated at North western zone of Tamil Nadu. The experiment was conducted with nine treatments where six treatments are combination of herbicides, two cultural operations and one untreated check. The field experiment was designed using randomized block designs with three replications. The experiment results revealed that the post emergence application of Bispyribac sodium 10% SC + (Metsulfuron-methyl+ Chlorimuron ethyl) 250+20 ml ha^-1 followed by Cono weeding twice on 15 and 30 DAT enhanced the growth and yield of transplanted paddy with decreased weed growth, reduction in nutrient depletion by weeds and enhanced nutrient uptake by the crop. The treatment positively influenced growth and physiological parameters like plant height, number of tillers, leaf area index and also recorded distinctly higher grain yield (6.5 tonnes ha^-1), net return (Indian Rupees 114923.2 ha^-1) and benefit cost ratio (3:10). Combination of herbicides along with cono weeding increased cropping system sustainability and reduced selection pressure for weed resistance to herbicides.

Keywords: Transplanted paddy; Bispyribac sodium; Cono weeding; Weed control efficiency; Yield

The article presents the results of a study on the design and operation process of a combined unit for pre-sowing strip milling of soil, laying of a drip irrigation hose and the possibility of sowing seeds. The proposed design of the machine is aggregated by row tractors of class 1,4 and 2, simultaneously performs operations of pre-sowing milling tillage with the formation of a ridge, laying a hose of a new design for drip irrigation, compacting the ridge and sowing seeds using various designs of seeders. The unit is designed to perform technological processes for both spring and post-harvest re-sowing, sweat functions it replaces the processes of harrowing and alignment soil. The unit can be used in two versions: preparation of a comb for sowing with the laying of a drip irrigation hose and simultaneously, sowing of seeds. The unit performs its function with traditional basic tillage and with innovative non-tillage. It can perform five operations with one pass, thereby being considered energy-resource-saving.

In the ever-evolving landscape of sustainable agriculture, the fusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and plant protection emerges as a beacon of transformative innovation. This alliance not only augments crop management but also reinforces ecological equilibrium while optimizing resource utilization. By marrying advanced technology with eco-conscious practices, we are embarking on a journey to redefine plant protection, ushering in a new era of precision and sustainability.

After tooth extraction, some biological tissue repair phenomena occur. Invagination of the gingival epithelial tissue and subsequent resorption of the alveolar bone walls is expected. Clinically, bone resorption can compromise the future installation of osseointegrated implants, hindering the rehabilitation of edentulous areas. Guided Tissue Regeneration and Guided Bone Regeneration techniques can be used to prevent post-tooth extraction bone resorption. These techniques should also be associated with more cautious and preservative extractions to safeguard regenerative results. The polypropylene membrane has been used after tooth extraction with the main aim of maintaining and immobilising the blood clot inside the alveolus and, due to the possibility of exposure to the oral environment, without suffering contamination or adsorption of dental biofilm and subsequent infection. The purpose of this article is to present the case of the use of a polypropylene membrane after the extraction of a molar, in order to preserve and maintain bone tissue for the immediate installation of an osseointegrated implant and the respective implantoprosthetic rehabilitation. The case has been followed up for 12 years.
Keywords: Tissue Regeneration; Bone Regeneration; Oral Surgery; Bioengineering; Implantology

Condition known as allopecia areata is characterised by temporary, non-scarring hair loss and preservation of the hair follicle. The various types of hair loss, which can affect all hair-bearing areas, range from loss in clearly defined patches to diffuse or total hair loss. The most typical type of alopecia is patchy hair loss on the scalp [1]. After male and female pattern alopecia, alopecia areata is the second most common non-scarring alopecia. Alopecia areata typically has extremely unique clinical hair loss patterns. The most typical pattern is a tiny annular or patchy bald lesion (patchy alopecia areata), typically on the scalp, which may progress to total hair loss only on the scalp (alopecia totalis) and total hair loss on the entire body (alopecia universalis) [2]. Alopecia areata affects approximately 2% of the general population at some point during their lifetime [3]. Depression, anxiety, and a number of autoimmune diseases like thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goitre ant thyroiditis), lupus erythematosus, vitiligo, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease are all associated with alopecia areata [4]. Alterations in the nails may be present in severe alopecia areata. Alopecia areata patients also have higher than predicted rates of atopic disorders as sinusitis, asthma, rhinitis, and especially atopic dermatitis. It is common recognised that pregnancy causes changes in body organs other than those more closely related to gestation.

The escalating incidence of viral conditions such as COVID-19, flu, and various respiratory disorders presents a considerable obstacle for healthcare systems worldwide. Prompt identification and forecasting assessments are essential for efficacious treatments and control measures. Conventional diagnostic techniques like PCR assays and X-ray scans either take too long or lack the requisite precision, adding complexity to an already difficult situation. This study seeks to exploit the potential of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for scrutinizing CT images in the early recognition and prediction of viral illnesses. We utilized an array of CNN designs, including ResNet, VGG, and Inception among others, and conditioned them on an extensive collection of CT images marked for several types of viral infections. We grappled with issues such as inconsistent data, unequal class distribution, and the demand for instantaneous analyses. Additionally, ethical questions tied to using patient information for algorithmic learning present further significant hurdles. Initial findings suggest that models based on CNN surpassed conventional methods in diagnostic efficacy, with accuracy levels exceeding 95%. This emerging technology offers a promising avenue to transform the way we diagnose viral diseases, providing a swifter, more reliable, and more precise approach.
Keywords: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN); Viral Diseases; CT Scan Images; Early Detection; Prediction and Diagnostic Methods

     Numerous researchers (Dines A., Cribb A., 1993; Downie R.S., Tannahill C., Tannahill A., 1996; Ewles L., Simnett I., 1999; Marmot M., Wilkinson R.G., eds, 1999; Adams L., Amos M., Munro J., 2002; Aslanov D.I., 2011; eds) interpret the definition of «human health» and «norm», treating them as an arbitrary or as conditions, «though epistemologically conceivable, but expressing nothing definite in real life» (Tsaregorodtsev G.I., 1998).

     There are at least five common approaches to the norm understanding: medical; behavioral; educational; focused on the client (patient); social - ecological.

Over the past decades, Afghanistan has encountered several serious healthcare difficulties. One of these occurrences, a lethal endemic of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), hit Afghanistan in 1998. A broad assessment of the literature reveals a number of characteristics that put the people of Afghanistan at a very high risk of developing CCHF. First off, the nation's poor healthcare system is now ill-equipped to handle difficulties of this kind. Medical institutions and healthcare personnel lack the necessary tools to correctly diagnose, treat, and prevent CCHF. Second, a significant percentage of people is ignorant about the vector's propagation and methods of control. Afghanistan has a major agricultural industry, and as a result, many individuals are active in caring for animals and handling cattle, which can result in the spread of the CCHF virus. Finally, during the past 20 years of the republican government of Afghanistan after the initial tenure of the Taliban's government as a result of the Afghan war, a sizable number of Afghan refugees returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan, a nation where CCHF is endemic. This increased Afghanistan's vulnerability. This literature review identifies probable causes of high-risk CCHF and offers suggestions that Afghan policy-makers may desire to take into account in order to ameliorate the existing situation.
Keywords: Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever; Afghanistan; Zoonotic Diseases; Infectious Virus; Endemic; CCHF; Outbreak

Mastitis in cattle is a complex and multi-factorial disease caused by an interaction between three major factors: the animal, pathogens, and the environment. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to November 2022 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis in lactating cows, to assess the risk factors for bovine mastitis, and to isolate and identify coliform and gram-positive cocci bacteria involved in the mastitis cases from dairy farms in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Detection of mastitic animal was done based on physical examination of udders and CMT test. Bacterial culture and biochemical tests were employed to identify the target pathogens. A total of 366 dairy cows and 1,464 quarters were screened for mastitis. Overall prevalence of mastitis at cow and quarter levels were 24.04 and 13.5%%, respectively. Age, parity, cows udder position, history of mastitis, barn floor, milking sequences of clinically mastitic cows and leg and udder hygiene scores were found to be risk factors significantly (P<0.05) associated with mastitis. From the 191 mastitis-positive milk samples, 82.7% (158/191) were culture positive. Out of the isolates from clinical cases (n=59) and isolates from sub clinical cases (n=99), Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and E. coli (15.7%) were predominant isolate. The other bacterial isolate in order of abundance, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (10.5%), Streptococcus agalactiae (6.8), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (5.8%), Staphylococcus intermedius (4.7%), Staphylococcus hyicus (4.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.1%), Micrococci spp (2%), Streptococcus uberis (1.6%), Enterobacter aerogenes (1%), and Enterococci spp (0.5%). The study showed that high parity number (OR = 19.5; p = 0.005), moderate parity (OR = 10.9; p = 0.022) and history of mastitis in preceding lactation (OR = 28.4; p = 0.001) were the major risk factors which are significantly associated with higher prevalence of S. aureus. History of mastitis in preceding lactation (OR = 3.7; p = 0.021) and very dirty (OR = 3.9; p = 0.005) udder and legs were the major risk factors which are significantly associated with higher prevalence of E. coli. Therefore, hygienic milking practice, adequate sanitation of the dairy environment, proper attention to the health of mammary glands and regular screening tests should get emphases as control strategies.
Keywords: Associated risk factor; CMT; Coliform; Isolation; gram positive cocci; Mastitis; prevalence

The foundation of human health and food security lies in ensuring a sufficient and safe food supply. To obtain this a comprehensive study on food microbiology is essential. The term “Food Microbiology” relates to the study of microorganisms that exist, contaminate, and ultimately results in the spoilage of food. The food system encompasses all stages from farm to fork, which includes raw materials, their processing, storage, transportation, and final dispatch till it reaches the end consumer. This holistic comprehension is pivotal in addressing and minimizing microbial spoilage within the food industry.

Pulpal calcifications, also known as pulpal calcific degeneration, are small masses of calcified tissue that obliterate part or almost all of the endodontic network. The presence of these masses can further complicate endodontic treatment, necessitating adaptation of the therapeutic approach. These calcifications can take a variety of clinical forms, posing problems of diagnosis and management. The indication for endodontic treatment cannot be based solely on the presence of a pulp calculus, but on a diagnosis confirmed by a clinical and radiological examination showing the pulp condition of the tooth.
The aim of this article is to illustrate the difficulties and keys to successful endodontic treatment in the presence of pulp calcifications.
Keywords: dental radiography; endodontics; pulp stones

Obesity is a chronic medical condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation. It is a primary global health concern associated with various adverse health outcomes. Lack of physical activity is one of the primary reasons for obesity. This study compares the abdominal pressure changes and cardiac parameters between obese individuals with and without powerlifting exercises. This study included 50 individuals divided into 25 in each group. The first group was only obese individuals who weren’t doing any exercises, whereas the second group of individuals were participating in the powerlifting exercises. Selection criteria are male powerlifters, obese individuals with a BMI over 30, age group of 25—40 years, and powerlifters doing powerlifting for a minimum of two years without cardiac anomalies, pain, or pulmonary complications. The intra-abdominal pressure and cardiac parameters were measured using the Chattanooga stabilizer pressure feedback device and pulse oximeter. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0. There was no significance when comparing the pre-intervention values; all the p-values are insignificant. While comparing the values of the immediate powerlifting intervention (6.926 p < 0.462, 4.599 p < 0.0001, 10.437 p < 0.617) and five minutes post power lifting intervention (6.178 p < 1.133, 6.871 p < 1.161, 9.975 p < 4.96), there is a marked significance. This study concludes that when comparing intra-abdominal pressure and cardiac parameters between obese individuals who engage in powerlifting exercises and those who do not, a significant reduction in intra-abdominal pressure is noted in powerlifters. In contrast, obese individuals who do not engage in powerlifting exercises do not experience a reduction in intra-abdominal pressure, and their cardiac parameters remain unchanged.
Keywords: Powerlifters; Obesity; Intra-abdominal pressure; heart rate; respiratory rate; Pulse oximetry; Chattanooga pressure biofeedback

Water is a common substance but necessary to living organs. Generally, the researcher focuses on the water molecule H₂O, resulting in solubility with something compound, and considers three phases: liquid, solid, vapour and macroscopical viewpoints are popular meteorology, flood, etc. As a result, most studies of H₂O are just a cluster. However, we notice the dissociation of hydrogen bonds. Here, we introduce the water leading to air change in a car for people’s health and how much energy the water has. Furthermore, we propose how to obtain better water for plants and animals, including humans, which means nature on the earth.
Keywords: dissociated water; air in the car; exhausted gases

The growth of the car industry is now closely linked to the rise of the number of car accidents. As a result, insurance companies must deal with several claims at the same time while also addressing claims leakage. To resolve these issues, we propose a car damage detection system based on Mask Scoring RCNN. The experiment first makes a dataset by collecting car damage pictures of different types and on different angels for pre-processing then use Mask scoring RCNN for training. It is envisaged that this method would assist insurance in correctly classifying the damage and reducing the time spent on damage detection. The test results demonstrate that the proposed system has better masking accuracy in the case of complex images, allowing the car damage detection duty to be completed swiftly and easily.
Keywords: Computer vision; Mask Scoring RCNN; Car-damage detection; Mask detection accuracy

Sustainability plays a crucial role in engineering across various disciplines and industries. It involves designing and implementing solutions that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the context of engineering, sustainability encompasses environmental, social, and economic considerations.

The process of sorting onions systematically is called onion sorting. Manual onion sorting is preferred at the wholesale market and in the farming, sector based on different parameters such as size, shape, quality, etc. It is not however a more efficient, consistent, and time-consuming method. In the market, there are systems that can sort single onions based on a single set of parameters. To replace this traditional way of sorting onions, In this paper we are introducing “Automatic Quality Based Onion Sorting Mechanism Using Raspberry pi”. The proposed system combines an automatic onion sorting mechanism with an image processing technique and classification algorithm. E.g., quality-based analysis. This machine can be used for agricultural purposes, and it can also be employed in the food industry.
Keywords: Automatic; Quality; algorithm; image processing; sorting

This research paper thoroughly investigates the complex interconnection between intellectual property laws and economic progress, providing a detailed analysis of their influence on fostering innovation. Through a methodical exploration, this study traces the historical evolution of intellectual property laws, scrutinizing patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. The paper delves into how intellectual property laws play a crucial role in encouraging innovation across diverse sectors, underscoring their importance in attracting investments, promoting entrepreneurial endeavours, and driving technological progress. Utilizing an extensive literature review and case studies, the research sheds light on the challenges encountered in the implementation of these laws, including concerns about accessibility, patent trolling, and ethical quandaries.
Moreover, the study puts forth policy recommendations for policymakers, advocating for balanced intellectual property laws that safeguard the rights of innovators while ensuring fair access to knowledge. The paper also underscores the significance of global collaboration and the standardization of intellectual property norms to establish a supportive atmosphere for innovation and economic advancement worldwide. By offering valuable insights and actionable suggestions, this research paper significantly enhances our comprehension of the pivotal role played by intellectual property in shaping a dynamic, inventive, and just society.

The fit-for-use of RWD including data quality and provenance are critical components that will aid the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) to assess the adequacy of RWE (Real World Evidence) to support it on the regulatory pathway. We review the best practice in the curation and use of Real World data in support of RWE submissions to the FDA.

Introduction: Prolonged recipient warm ischemia can cause delayed graft function (DGF), resulting in poor graft outcomes. Short Anastomosis times (AT) are considered beneficial for prompt early graft function (EGF).
Objective: We examined the impact of prolonged AT on EGF.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 120 living donor renal transplants (LDRT) performed between January 2019 and March 2022 at the Renal Transplant Unit of Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. The study population was divided into two groups based on AT; GI with AT less than 40 minutes, GII with AT more than 40 minutes. Cold saline irrigation was used to maintain low graft temperature during implantation.
Results: Four patients had poor EGF (3.33%), two DGF (1.67%) and two SGF (1.67%). Mean AT in GI was 37.23±1.93 vs mean AT in GII 47.07±6.90 (p value .00001). Time taken for 50% reduction in serum creatinine (SC) (SC50), SC at discharge, and last SC in both groups were comparable. No significant difference was found in incidence of poor EGF in the 2 groups (OR 0.19, 95% CI, P=0.355).
Conclusion: In the presence of low graft temperatures, prolonged AT did not adversely affect EGF.
Keywords: recipient warm ischemia; anastomosis time; early graft function

eSIM will be used widely as it is easy to control, can be filled in for different IMSI requirements, is stable for moving. It can be equipped for vehicles T-Box, post terminal of banks, CPE, and other modules moving. As the secret key is installed in the eSIM, does not open to other people except for operators, the boxes using eSIM are difficult to be checked if they work fine. This problem is from billions of boxes. They will benefit from our solution. The factory default setting of eSIM will save plenty of time and a lot of human resource for testing, at the same time, eSIM can be promoted.
Keywords: eSIM; secret; vehicle; card

In the 21st century, one technological marvel stands out among the rest, promising to revolutionize industries, reshape economies, and redefine the very nature of human interaction with machines. Artificial Intelligence (AI), once confined to the realm of science fiction, has firmly established itself as a driving force in today's world. The transformative potential of AI is undeniable, but with great power comes great responsibility.

Agriculture affects and impacts climate change. Agriculture is crucial to economic prosperity but has serious environmental impact. Pollution, soil, water, and air contamination are major environmental consequences of agriculture. The ecology has suffered greatly from industrial agriculture, creating concerns about the food supply. Due to its environmental impact, agriculture will struggle to supply rising demand in the next decades. Global warming threatens to undermine many natural processes that support contemporary agriculture [6]. However, modern agriculture contributes to the sustainability dilemma [6]. Agriculture's complex links to the global economy, human communities, and biodiversity make it a crucial conservation frontier. Resource sustainability is becoming more important. Thus, knowing the relationship between direct and indirect environmental consequences and agriculture sector links is crucial. Identifying the underlying inter- and intra-sectoral sources of the agriculture sector's significant environmental consequences will help policymakers create fair and effective policies.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of wheat cultivar JAUW-672 conducted at Research Farm of Agronomy during Rabi season of 2019-20 and 2020-21 at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Sciences and Technology, Jammu consisted of twelve treatment combinations with two sowing dates, three fertility levels and two irrigation regimes replicated thrice under factorial randomized block design. The experimental results revealed that earlier sowing dates recorded highest pooled effective tillers/m² (298.56), number of grains/ear (39.19), test weight (37.47) grain yield (41.98q/ha) and B: C ratio (2.17). Whereas, among fertility levels application of 125% RDF on soil test basis recorded significantly highest pooled effective tillers/m² (305.81), number of grains/ear (40.14), test weight (38.30), grain yield (46.05) and B: C ratio (2.38) besides sustaining soil fertility. Whereas due to timely rainfall the irrigation treatments remained statistically at par. Thus to increase productivity and profitibality of wheat, the crop should be sown earlier with increased dosage of fertilisers but on soil test basis.
Keywords: Cultivar; Fertility levels; Irrigation regimes; Sowing dates; Terminal stress; Wheat

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of main materials on the heavy metals content of soil and water. While the heavy metals content of the soil in the study field was higher than the limit values, only the copper, manganese, nickel and chrome contents of the water samples were found higher than the limit values. Higher heavy metals content in the soil and water can be toxic to vegetable, fruit and other cultivated plants grown in the study field and can be passed on to humans via food chains if taken by the plants to be grown. Large amounts of heavy metals in the soil and water in the study field can be a major problem for the environment and human health.

The widespread occurrence of tomato in many countries of the world and its specific weight in gross vegetable production may be explained by its peculiarities of its growth, development, fruit giving and high yield and use of its fruits in various ways (fresh, canning of whole fruits, products of differently concentrated tomato, dietary canned products and so on), as well as by its biologically high value, gustatory and high qualitative properties (sugar content, vitamins, microelements, mineral salts) [1]. According to Grincharov’s (1970) data tomato fruits contain 5-6% of dry substances, 50% of which is soluble sugar (mannose), 0.5% of organic acid, 0.84% of cellulose, 0.19% pectic substances, 0.95% wet protein, 0.2% fats and essential oils, and 0.6% mineral salts [2]. Fruit having such favourable chemical composition made tomato high valuable in general and a source of dietary food in certain cases. Selection works also impacted the leading role of tomato, thanks to which various sorts and hybrids have been created in the world providing opportunity to meet the demand of agricultural production in different countries at significant rates [3]. Tomato have medical value and very important to use especially in increasing pathogen action of radioactive factors in climate change and deterioration of immunity of human (organism) [4].

In the past few decades, the term "sustainability" has gained significant traction when applied to the utilisation of energy resources. According to Marchi et al. (2018), "Sustainable Forest Operations (SFO)" seems a comprehensive strategy and approach that integrates forest activities with economically, environmentally, as well as social sustainable development goals in an effort to effectively address present and future challenges. The FAO provides a definition for a forest as a land area that is larger than 0.5 ha, has a tree canopy cover that exceeds 10%, and is primarily free from agricultural or other non-forest land use activities. The forest serves as the centre of terrestrial biodiversity on Earth. In addition to mitigating climate change and carbon emissions, forests are vital to sustainable food production and a source of income. As of 2020, the estimated forest area stands at 4.06 billion hectares, accounting for 31% of the overall land area. This equates to 0.52 hectares of forest area/capita, despite the fact that forests are not distributed geographically or globally among people (Forest area, 2021).

A randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy, esthetics and acceptance of an FDA approved, SLS Free tooth whitening paste containing ImerCare® PearlWhite 19 and Bromelain using Vita 3D Master shade guide in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth among randomly selected 30 subjects. Participants were assigned to brush twice daily (morning and evening) for 2 minutes each using rolls technique. Shade changes using Vita 3 D master tooth shade guide were examined on day 1, after 15 days and day 30 of assigned toothpaste to subjects. All visual inspections were performed under the same lighting conditions and by the same examiner. Results revealed a shade difference by 1 to 2 shades lighter teeth in most subjects.

Garre's osteoperiostitis is a chronic osteomyelitis with proliferative periostitis, usually associated with a mild odontogenic infection. A patient was referred to us because of a hard and slightly painful mandibular swelling that had persisted for two months. After clinical and radiological exploration (panoramic, occlusal radiography, CBCT), the diagnosis of Garre's Osteoperiostitis was evoked. Management consisted of endodontic treatment. After a 6-month follow-up, the periosteal reaction regressed and the mandibular swelling disappeared. After the elimination of the infectious focus, the bone gradually remodels and the original facial symmetry is restored the bone progressively r. The treatment will be followed by clinical and radiographic control after 8 and 12 months until complete bone healing is observed. Periostitis ossificans in the young is usually curable with early diagnosis and proper treatment. When the clinical situation permits, endodontic therapy should be the choice of treatment. The objective of this work is to illustrate the clinical and radiographic aspect, the management as well as the postoperative follow-up of such a pathology.
Keywords: osteoperiostitis; necrotic tooth; endodontic treatment

In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, knowledge is the foundation upon which progress is built. It is this knowledge that drives innovation, improves patient outcomes, and informs policies that shape the healthcare systems of nations. The Archives of Health Science, a peer-reviewed, open-access journal, plays a crucial role in disseminating this knowledge to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers across the world. This editorial aims to shed light on the significance of Archives of Health Science, its mission, and the role it plays in fostering collaboration, preventing duplication, and ultimately advancing global healthcare.

Background: Numerous studies have concluded that Acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients is significantly associated with an increased mortality [1, 2]. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred modality of dialytic therapy in hemodynamically unstable COVID-19 patients who develop an acute renal failure. It should be noted that the number or percentage of patients who recovered renal function after dialysis is variable [3]. Notably, the decision to initiate CRRT in patients with COVID-19 acute kidney injury (AKI) should be individualized and should consider the clinical context. Some earlier studies have reported that CRRT was associated with improved outcomes, including reduced intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality, shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, and shorter ICU stays [8]. On the other hand, others have claimed that CRRT improves renal function, but does not have impact on overall mortality [4].
Objectives: Our aim was to study the association between the development of an AKI in COVID-19 patients and ICU stay as a primary endpoint and to study the influence of CRRT on the recovery of the renal function as secondary endpoints.
Study Population: Our study population had included all adult patients who were above 18 years old and were admitted to our ICU on the background of a laboratory confirmed COVID-19 infection who had developed an AKI during the ICU course according to AKIN criteria. Our included population should have had no previous history of chronic kidney disease or renal replacement therapy.
Methods: Our study is a retrospective cross-sectional study, that was conducted during the period from June 2021 till the end of June 2022.
Statistical analysis: All data have been collected and analyzed by the investigators using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.
Results: A total of 108 COVID-19 patients with AKI were admitted to our ICU during the study period. We have identified a significantly increased ICU stay in CRRT group (Median 16 days) as compared to non-CRRT group (Median 4.4 days), P value was 0.00.
Discussion: We have identified a significantly increased ICU stay in CRRT group (Median 16 days) if compared to non-CRRT group (Median 4.4 days), P value 0.00.
Conclusion: We’ve concluded that the CRRT in Covid-19 patients with AKI is associated with increased ICU stay, even if the kidney function is improved.

Colorectal cancers represent the predominant malignancies affecting the gastrointestinal tract. primary appendicoeal cancer is rare and difficult to diagnose because it has not specific symptoms. The final diagnosis is most often made post operatively on microscopic examination. Appendicael neuroendocrine tumors is the most common primary neoplasm and it represent 95 % of appendicoeal tumor. Synchrounous presentation of TNE off appendix and colon carcinoma is a rare entity. We report a case of an asymptomatic appendiceal neuroendocrine tumor detected in histopathological and immunohistochemistery specimen for an obstructing cecal adenocarcinoma.
Keywords: colon carcinoma; appendicoecal Tumor; synchrounous colon tumor; obstruction cecal cancer

Objective: The HbA1c concentration is a crucial component of routine diabetes therapy since it serves both as a risk predictor and an indicator of long-term glycemia and represents the average glycemic history of the previous two to three months. The HbA1c assay was approved as the preferred approach for diagnosing diabetes by the American Diabetes Association, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Federation. This article provides an overview of HbA1c to comprehend its importance in the routine monitoring of diabetic patients. Topics discussed include measurement techniques, advantages and disadvantages of different measurement techniques, clinical significance of HbA1c, rapid diagnosis of HbA1c, and alternative means available to assess glycaemic control.
Methods: This review highlights in detail the structure and formation of HbA1c, clinical importance factors influencing HbA1c levels, methods of measurement, the challenges associated with measuring the HbA1c concentration and describes the current state of the art of analytical and clinical aspects of the process.
Results: Recent developments have made HbA1c assays more sensitive, simple to use, and less expensive. In comparison to previous technologies, the point-of-care HbA1c testing devices deliver quantifiable findings while limiting inference of other Hb variations, making diagnosis far more reliable.
Conclusion: A person with diabetes can live a long and high -quality life if regular monitoring and treatment of diabetes should be done properly. This review emphasizes the shortcomings faced by recent diagnostics techniques and the correlation between falsely elevated and lowered HbA1c results with different physical conditions.
Keywords: Glycated Haemoglobin; Blood Glucose; Glycemic Control; Diabetes Mellitus; Reference Standards; Reference Values

Pharmacist are an integral part of the World healthcare system and provide services such as education, medication reviews, patient counselling, and disease prevention. The role of pharmacist increased after COVID outbreak in health system. After that the need of health professional increased worldwide, where pharmacist role enhanced in every country. Emergence of new technology, provide a platform to pharmacist, where he can interact worldwide for their continuous professional skill development.

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a large encapsulated double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Herpesvirida subfamily beta herpes viral.
Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of the human cytomegalovirus in cancer patients.
Result: A total 100 patients. Blood samples were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies using ELISA according to gender (Male 27% positive CMV IgM 73% Negative CMV IgM, 45% positive CMV IgG 55% Negative IgG) Female 7% positive CMV type o IgM 93% Negative CMV IgM ,59% positive CMV IgG 41%Negative CMV IgG. In Breast cancer patient 1% positive CMV IgM and 9 % Negative, 5% positive CMV IgG 5% Negative IgG. In prostatic cancer 4% positive CMV IgM and 3% Negative CMV IgM, 4% positive CMV IgG 3% Negative CMV IgG. In CML 9% positive CMV IgM 38% Negative CMV IgM 22% positive CMV IgG 25% Negative CMV IgG. In AML 8%positive CMV IgM 28% Negative CMV IgM 18% positive CMV IgG 18% Negative CMV IgG. According to chemotherapy 18% positive CMV IgM 58% Negative CMV IgM 36% positive CMV IgG 40% Negative CMV IgG. And according to history Blood transfusion 19%positive CMV IgM 17%Negative CMV IgM 25% positive CMV IgG 11% Negative CMV IgG while in patients with no history of blood transfusion 3% positive CMV IgM 61% Negative CMV IgM 24% positive CMV IgG 40% Negative CMV IgG.
Conclusion: According to the result of this study and the results reported by the previous studies in Sudan among the blood donors and other target groups (Haemodialysis, Organ transplant patients, and pregnant women) prove that the Cytomegalo virus was highly distributed among Cancer patients in Sudan.
Keywords: Cytomegalovirus; cancer; IgG; IgM; Blood samples; ELISA

Clinical microbiology has undergone transformative advancements with the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Machine Learning (ML), in image analysis. This revolutionary approach has played a pivotal role in enhancing diagnostics, pathogen identification, and understanding microbial structure, offering promising prospects for improved patient outcomes and healthcare efficiency. Machine Learning algorithms, a subset of AI, are adept at identifying patterns and learning from data. In the realm of clinical microbiology, these algorithms have been employed to analyze microbial images, enabling the rapid and accurate identification of pathogens. Through techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM), ML models are trained to recognize specific characteristics of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, thereby aiding in the swift diagnosis of infectious diseases. The different applications of clinical Microbiology are Pathogen Identification, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Disease Prediction and Prognosis, and Automated Analysis and Workflow Integration. ML models are instrumental in the identification of various pathogens by analyzing microscopic images. These models can distinguish between different bacterial strains, detect antibiotic resistance, and predict the potential virulence of the identified microorganisms, facilitating timely and targeted therapeutic interventions. Despite the promising applications of Machine Learning in clinical microbiology, challenges persist. These include the need for large, annotated datasets for model training, addressing model interpretability, and ensuring the generalizability of models across diverse clinical settings. Ongoing research and development are imperative to address these challenges and further refine ML models for robust and reliable applications in clinical microbiology. Moreover, the continuous evolution of ML algorithms and advancements in imaging technologies pave the way for exploring novel applications, such as real-time monitoring of microbial growth and the development of predictive models for emerging infectious diseases. The integration of Machine Learning for image analysis in clinical microbiology marks a significant stride towards enhancing diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. While challenges remain, the potential of ML in pathogen identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and disease prognosis is vast. The ongoing advancements in AI and imaging technologies hold the promise of further elevating the capabilities of clinical microbiology, contributing to improved healthcare outcomes and proactive management of infectious diseases.

     ChatGPT has developed as a strong technology with the potential to revolutionize many domains of dentistry. ChatGPT, an open AI language model, has the potential to provide numerous improvements in the realm of dentistry and dental research [1, 2] It does, however, represent a number of threats that must be properly assessed and considered.

     Benefits include improved patient communication, by which ChatGPT can enhance the dentist-patient communication by providing accurate and reliable information. It can answer the dental related questions, discuss various treatment options and address patient concerns promptly, ultimately increasing patient satisfaction. The ChatGPT acts as a valuable resource of education, providing access to the dental conditions and treatments, which can help the patients make informed decisions regarding their dental health and encouraging them adopt more healthy oral care habits. It also assists in scheduling patient appointments, triaging patients based on their symptoms, making it time -saving for dental professionals [3] ChatGPT can help dental researchers identify relevant literature, explore newer and viable research fields, and assist in data analysis and hypothesis formulation, allowing them to accelerate their research speed. It can also be used to create chatbots in dental education to teach dental and medical procedures for students on various topics, thus contributing as a teaching tool [4, 5].

As cyber-attacks multiply rapidly and malware becomes more intricate, conventional signature-focused detection methods find it challenging to keep up. In light of this, deep learning approaches have emerged as a potent solution to boost malware detection efficacy. This study delves into sophisticated deep-learning strategies to spot and categorize malware in modern cybersecurity data. We present a combined model that merges the strengths of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), harnessing both the spatial and sequential attributes of the data. When pitted against classic deep learning setups, our model showcases remarkable enhancements in detection precision, marking a 98.7% success rate and a mere 0.5% rate of false positives using the XYZ dataset. Additionally, we deploy specific data augmentation methods designed for cybersecurity data, augmenting our model's adaptability and resilience to new threats. The results indicate that employing cutting-edge deep learning designs can fortify malware detection mechanisms, providing superior defense in a constantly shifting cyber-threat environment.
Keywords: Deep Learning; Malware Detection; Signature-based Detection; Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN); Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Data Augmentation

A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to April 2023 to isolate of staphylococci in bovine subclinical mastitis, to establishing prevalence, to identify risk factors and to assess on hygienic handling practice of raw cow’s milk in each selected dairy farm in Eastern Ethiopia. A semi-structured questionnaire survey and observation, California mastitis test (CMT), bacterial isolation and identification were conducted during the study. A total of 379 dairy cattle from dairy farms were screened for SCM by CMT. The prevalence of SCM in the study areas was 206(54.3%). Milk samples were collected from 206 cows free of clinical mastitis but positive in CMT. The prevalence of staphylococcal species among lactating cows with subclinical mastitis was 82.5%. The prevalence 92(44%) of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus was higher than the Staphylococcus Aurous 78(37%). Among the risk factors studied, SCM due to staphylococci was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in older cows (94.3%) than younger (58.6%), in cows during late lactation (91.9%), in cows which gave more than 5 births (87%), in cross-breed cows (65.3%) than local breed cows (25.7%). Respondents with the age group ranging from 25 to 50 years and better educational level were acquainted that drinking raw milk is possible sources for staphylococci. This suggesting that more work on awareness creation is required in society with lower educational level compared to the society with better educational level. In addition, this is an opportunity to create awareness towards the prevention and control of zoonosis in actively involved group of society. Observational assessment of the milk handling practices in dairy farms showed that about (55.5%) of them were not washed their hands before milking. The study showed that the hygienic status of the udder and houses of lactating cows in the majority of dairy farms in the study area are poor, and the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and staphylococcal species are high. Based on results, creating the awareness, careful hygienic milking practice and regular health monitoring should be practiced to reduce prevalence of subclinical mastitis and staphylococcal infection.
Keywords: Hygiene; Lactating cow; Milk; Prevalence; Subclinical Mastitis; Staphylococci